Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a prominent technology for wastewater treatment due to their excellent removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely employed in MBR systems owing to their outstanding resistance to fouling, chemical resist

Membrane bioreactors (MABR) are novel technologies rapidly revolutionizing the landscape of wastewater treatment. Unlike conventional methods, MABR processes integrate a microbiological reactor with a membrane purification module, offering enhanced performance. This combined approach obtains signifi